holoviews.element Package#


element Package#

class holoviews.element.Annotation(data, **params)[source]#

Bases: Element2D

An Annotation is a special type of element that is designed to be overlaid on top of any arbitrary 2D element. Annotations have neither key nor value dimensions allowing them to be overlaid over any type of data.

Note that one or more Annotations can be displayed without being overlaid on top of any other data. In such instances (by default) they will be displayed using the unit axis limits (0.0-1.0 in both directions) unless an explicit ‘extents’ parameter is supplied. The extents of the bottom Annotation in the Overlay is used when multiple Annotations are displayed together.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Annotation', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(2, 2), default=[Dimension('x'), Dimension('y')], label='Kdims')

The key dimensions defined as list of dimensions that may be used in indexing (and potential slicing) semantics. The order of the dimensions listed here determines the semantics of each component of a multi-dimensional indexing operation. Aliased with key_dimensions.

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(*args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords, **kwargs)[source]#

Snap list or dict of coordinates to closest position.

Args:

coords: List of 1D or 2D coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

range(dimension, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reduction)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The element after reductions have been applied.

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=False, **sample_values)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_specs=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

Args:
selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Area(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Curve

Area is a Chart element representing the area under a curve or between two curves in a 1D coordinate system. The key dimension represents the location of each coordinate along the x-axis, while the value dimension(s) represent the height of the area or the lower and upper bounds of the area between curves.

Multiple areas may be stacked by overlaying them an passing them to the stack method.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Area', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

classmethod stack(areas, baseline_name='Baseline')[source]#

Stacks an (Nd)Overlay of Area or Curve Elements by offsetting their baselines. To stack a HoloMap or DynamicMap use the map method.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Arrow(x, y, text='', direction='<', points=40, arrowstyle='->', **params)[source]#

Bases: Annotation

Draw an arrow to the given xy position with optional text at distance ‘points’ away. The direction of the arrow may be specified as well as the arrow head style.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Arrow', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

x = ClassSelector(class_=(<class 'numbers.Number'>, <class 'numpy.datetime64'>, <class 'datetime.datetime'>, <class 'datetime.date'>, <class 'datetime.time'>, <class 'pandas._libs.tslibs.timestamps.Timestamp'>, <class 'pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes.DatetimeTZDtype'>, <class 'pandas._libs.tslibs.period.Period'>, <class 'cftime._cftime.datetime'>), default=0, label='X')

The x-position of the arrow which make be numeric or a timestamp.

y = ClassSelector(class_=(<class 'numbers.Number'>, <class 'numpy.datetime64'>, <class 'datetime.datetime'>, <class 'datetime.date'>, <class 'datetime.time'>, <class 'pandas._libs.tslibs.timestamps.Timestamp'>, <class 'pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes.DatetimeTZDtype'>, <class 'pandas._libs.tslibs.period.Period'>, <class 'cftime._cftime.datetime'>), default=0, label='Y')

The y-position of the arrow which make be numeric or a timestamp.

text = String(default='', label='Text')

Text associated with the arrow.

direction = Selector(default='<', label='Direction', names={}, objects=['<', '^', '>', 'v'])

The cardinal direction in which the arrow is pointing. Accepted arrow directions are ‘<’, ‘^’, ‘>’ and ‘v’.

arrowstyle = Selector(default='->', label='Arrowstyle', names={}, objects=['-', '->', '-[', '-|>', '<->', '<|-|>'])

The arrowstyle used to draw the arrow. Accepted arrow styles are ‘-’, ‘->’, ‘-[’, ‘-|>', '<->' and '<|-|>’

points = Number(default=40, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Points')

Font size of arrow text (if any).

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(*args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords, **kwargs)[source]#

Snap list or dict of coordinates to closest position.

Args:

coords: List of 1D or 2D coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

range(dimension, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reduction)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The element after reductions have been applied.

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=False, **sample_values)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_specs=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

Args:
selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Bars(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection1DExpr, Chart

Bars is a Chart element representing categorical observations using the height of rectangular bars. The key dimensions represent the categorical groupings of the data, but may also be used to stack the bars, while the first value dimension represents the height of each bar.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Bars', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(1, 3), default=[Dimension('x')], label='Kdims')

The key dimension(s) of a Chart represent the independent variable(s).

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Bivariate(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection2DExpr, StatisticsElement

Bivariate elements are containers for two dimensional data, which is to be visualized as a kernel density estimate. The data should be supplied in a tabular format of x- and y-columns.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Bivariate', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(2, 2), default=[Dimension('x'), Dimension('y')], label='Kdims')

The key dimensions defined as list of dimensions that may be used in indexing (and potential slicing) semantics. The order of the dimensions listed here determines the semantics of each component of a multi-dimensional indexing operation. Aliased with key_dimensions.

vdims = List(bounds=(0, 1), default=[Dimension('Density')], label='Vdims')

The value dimensions defined as the list of dimensions used to describe the components of the data. If multiple value dimensions are supplied, a particular value dimension may be indexed by name after the key dimensions. Aliased with value_dimensions.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dim, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Bounds(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: BaseShape

An arbitrary axis-aligned bounding rectangle defined by the (left, bottom, right, top) coordinate positions.

If supplied a single real number as input, this value will be treated as the radius of a square, zero-center box which will be used to compute the corresponding lbrt tuple.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Bounds', label='Group')

The assigned group name.

lbrt = Tuple(default=(-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.5), label='Lbrt', length=4)

The (left, bottom, right, top) coordinates of the bounding box.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(*args, **overrides)[source]#

Returns a clone of the object with matching parameter values containing the specified args and kwargs.

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

split(start=None, end=None, datatype=None, **kwargs)[source]#

The split method allows splitting a Path type into a list of subpaths of the same type. A start and/or end may be supplied to select a subset of paths.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Box(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: BaseShape

Draw a centered box of a given width at the given position with the specified aspect ratio (if any).

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Box', label='Group')

The assigned group name.

x = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='X')

The x-position of the box center.

y = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Y')

The y-position of the box center.

width = Number(default=1, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Width')

The width of the box.

height = Number(default=1, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Height')

The height of the box.

orientation = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Orientation')

Orientation in the Cartesian coordinate system, the counterclockwise angle in radians between the first axis and the horizontal.

aspect = Number(default=1.0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Aspect')

Optional multiplier applied to the box size to compute the width in cases where only the length value is set.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(*args, **overrides)[source]#

Returns a clone of the object with matching parameter values containing the specified args and kwargs.

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

split(start=None, end=None, datatype=None, **kwargs)[source]#

The split method allows splitting a Path type into a list of subpaths of the same type. A start and/or end may be supplied to select a subset of paths.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.BoxWhisker(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection1DExpr, Dataset, Element2D

BoxWhisker represent data as a distributions highlighting the median, mean and various percentiles. It may have a single value dimension and any number of key dimensions declaring the grouping of each violin.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='BoxWhisker', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(0, None), default=[], label='Kdims')

The key dimensions defined as list of dimensions that may be used in indexing (and potential slicing) semantics. The order of the dimensions listed here determines the semantics of each component of a multi-dimensional indexing operation. Aliased with key_dimensions.

vdims = List(bounds=(1, 1), default=[Dimension('y')], label='Vdims')

The value dimensions defined as the list of dimensions used to describe the components of the data. If multiple value dimensions are supplied, a particular value dimension may be indexed by name after the key dimensions. Aliased with value_dimensions.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Chord(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Graph

Chord is a special type of Graph which computes the locations of each node on a circle and the chords connecting them. The amount of radial angle devoted to each node and the number of chords are scaled by a weight supplied as a value dimension.

If the values are integers then the number of chords is directly scaled by the value, if the values are floats then the number of chords are apportioned such that the lowest value edge is given one chord and all other nodes are given nodes proportional to their weight.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Chord', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

edge_type[source]#

alias of EdgePaths

property edgepaths#

Returns the fixed EdgePaths or computes direct connections between supplied nodes.

classmethod from_networkx(G, positions, nodes=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Generate a HoloViews Graph from a networkx.Graph object and networkx layout function or dictionary of node positions. Any keyword arguments will be passed to the layout function. By default it will extract all node and edge attributes from the networkx.Graph but explicit node information may also be supplied. Any non-scalar attributes, such as lists or dictionaries will be ignored.

Args:

G (networkx.Graph): Graph to convert to Graph element positions (dict or callable): Node positions

Node positions defined as a dictionary mapping from node id to (x, y) tuple or networkx layout function which computes a positions dictionary

kwargs (dict): Keyword arguments for layout function

Returns:

Graph element

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

node_type[source]#

alias of Nodes

property nodes#

Computes the node positions the first time they are requested if no explicit node information was supplied.

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dimension, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, selection_mode='edges', **selection)[source]#

Allows selecting data by the slices, sets and scalar values along a particular dimension. The indices should be supplied as keywords mapping between the selected dimension and value. Additionally selection_specs (taking the form of a list of type.group.label strings, types or functions) may be supplied, which will ensure the selection is only applied if the specs match the selected object.

Selecting by a node dimensions selects all edges and nodes that are connected to the selected nodes. To select only edges between the selected nodes set the selection_mode to ‘nodes’.

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Contours(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Path

The Contours element is a subtype of a Path which is characterized by the fact that each path geometry may only be associated with scalar values. It supports all the same data formats as a Path but does not allow continuously varying values along the path geometry’s coordinates. Conceptually Contours therefore represent iso-contours or isoclines, i.e. a function of two variables which describes a curve along which the function has a constant value.

The canonical representation is a list of dictionaries storing the x- and y-coordinates along with any other (scalar) values:

[{‘x’: 1d-array, ‘y’: 1d-array, ‘value’: scalar}, …]

Alternatively Contours also supports a single columnar data-structure to specify an individual contour:

{‘x’: 1d-array, ‘y’: 1d-array, ‘value’: scalar, ‘continuous’: 1d-array}

Since not all formats allow storing scalar values as actual scalars arrays which are the same length as the coordinates but have only one unique value are also considered scalar. This is strictly enforced, ensuring that each path geometry represents a valid iso-contour.

The easiest way of accessing the individual geometries is using the Contours.split method, which returns each path geometry as a separate entity, while the other methods assume a flattened representation where all paths are separated by NaN values.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Contours', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

vdims = List(bounds=(0, None), constant=True, default=[], label='Vdims')

Contours optionally accept a value dimension, corresponding to the supplied values.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

split(start=None, end=None, datatype=None, **kwargs)[source]#

The split method allows splitting a Path type into a list of subpaths of the same type. A start and/or end may be supplied to select a subset of paths.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Curve(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection1DExpr, Chart

Curve is a Chart element representing a line in a 1D coordinate system where the key dimension maps on the line x-coordinate and the first value dimension represents the height of the line along the y-axis.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Curve', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Dataset(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Element

Dataset provides a general baseclass for Element types that contain structured data and supports a range of data formats.

The Dataset class supports various methods offering a consistent way of working with the stored data regardless of the storage format used. These operations include indexing, selection and various ways of aggregating or collapsing the data with a supplied function.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Dataset', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

datatype = List(bounds=(0, None), default=['dataframe', 'dictionary', 'grid', 'xarray', 'multitabular', 'spatialpandas', 'dask_spatialpandas', 'dask', 'cuDF', 'array', 'ibis'], label='Datatype')

A priority list of the data types to be used for storage on the .data attribute. If the input supplied to the element constructor cannot be put into the requested format, the next format listed will be used until a suitable format is found (or the data fails to be understood).

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Distribution(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection1DExpr, StatisticsElement

Distribution elements provides a representation for a one-dimensional distribution which can be visualized as a kernel density estimate. The data should be supplied in a tabular format and will use the first column.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Distribution', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(1, 1), default=[Dimension('Value')], label='Kdims')

The key dimensions defined as list of dimensions that may be used in indexing (and potential slicing) semantics. The order of the dimensions listed here determines the semantics of each component of a multi-dimensional indexing operation. Aliased with key_dimensions.

vdims = List(bounds=(0, 1), default=[Dimension('Density')], label='Vdims')

The value dimensions defined as the list of dimensions used to describe the components of the data. If multiple value dimensions are supplied, a particular value dimension may be indexed by name after the key dimensions. Aliased with value_dimensions.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dim, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Div(data, **params)[source]#

Bases: Element

The Div element represents a div DOM node in an HTML document defined as a string containing valid HTML.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Div', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords, **kwargs)[source]#

Snap list or dict of coordinates to closest position.

Args:

coords: List of 1D or 2D coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

range(dimension, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reduction)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The element after reductions have been applied.

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=False, **sample_values)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_specs=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

Args:
selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.EdgePaths(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Path

EdgePaths is a simple Element representing the paths of edges connecting nodes in a graph.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='EdgePaths', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

split(start=None, end=None, datatype=None, **kwargs)[source]#

The split method allows splitting a Path type into a list of subpaths of the same type. A start and/or end may be supplied to select a subset of paths.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Element(data, kdims=None, vdims=None, **params)[source]#

Bases: ViewableElement, Composable, Overlayable

Element is the atomic datastructure used to wrap some data with an associated visual representation, e.g. an element may represent a set of points, an image or a curve. Elements provide a common API for interacting with data of different types and define how the data map to a set of dimensions and how those map to the visual representation.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Element', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords, **kwargs)[source]#

Snap list or dict of coordinates to closest position.

Args:

coords: List of 1D or 2D coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

range(dimension, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reduction)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The element after reductions have been applied.

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=False, **sample_values)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_specs=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

Args:
selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Ellipse(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: BaseShape

Draw an axis-aligned ellipse at the specified x,y position with the given orientation.

The simplest (default) Ellipse is a circle, specified using:

Ellipse(x,y, diameter)

A circle is a degenerate ellipse where the width and height are equal. To specify these explicitly, you can use:

Ellipse(x,y, (width, height))

There is also an aspect parameter allowing you to generate an ellipse by specifying a multiplicating factor that will be applied to the height only.

Note that as a subclass of Path, internally an Ellipse is a sequence of (x,y) sample positions. Ellipse could also be implemented as an annotation that uses a dedicated ellipse artist.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Ellipse', label='Group')

The assigned group name.

x = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='X')

The x-position of the ellipse center.

y = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Y')

The y-position of the ellipse center.

width = Number(default=1, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Width')

The width of the ellipse.

height = Number(default=1, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Height')

The height of the ellipse.

orientation = Number(default=0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Orientation')

Orientation in the Cartesian coordinate system, the counterclockwise angle in radians between the first axis and the horizontal.

aspect = Number(default=1.0, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Aspect')

Optional multiplier applied to the diameter to compute the width in cases where only the diameter value is set.

samples = Number(default=100, inclusive_bounds=(True, True), label='Samples')

The sample count used to draw the ellipse.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(*args, **overrides)[source]#

Returns a clone of the object with matching parameter values containing the specified args and kwargs.

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

split(start=None, end=None, datatype=None, **kwargs)[source]#

The split method allows splitting a Path type into a list of subpaths of the same type. A start and/or end may be supplied to select a subset of paths.

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.ErrorBars(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Selection1DExpr, Chart

ErrorBars is a Chart element representing error bars in a 1D coordinate system where the key dimension corresponds to the location along the x-axis and the first value dimension corresponds to the location along the y-axis and one or two extra value dimensions corresponding to the symmetric or asymmetric errors either along x-axis or y-axis. If two value dimensions are given, then the last value dimension will be taken as symmetric errors. If three value dimensions are given then the last two value dimensions will be taken as negative and positive errors. By default the errors are defined along y-axis. A parameter horizontal, when set True, will define the errors along the x-axis.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='ErrorBars', label='Group')

A string describing the quantity measured by the ErrorBars object.

vdims = List(bounds=(1, None), constant=True, default=[Dimension('y'), Dimension('yerror')], label='Vdims')

The value dimensions of the Chart, usually corresponding to a number of dependent variables.

horizontal = Boolean(default=False, label='Horizontal')

Whether the errors are along y-axis (vertical) or x-axis.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with image.ndloc[iy, ix], where iy and ix are integer indices along the y and x dimensions.

Examples:

  • Index value in 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[3, 1]

  • Slice along y-axis of 2D array:

    dataset.ndloc[2:5, :]

  • Vectorized (non-orthogonal) indexing along x- and y-axes:

    dataset.ndloc[[1, 2, 3], [0, 2, 3]]

options(*args, clone=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Applies simplified option definition returning a new object.

Applies options on an object or nested group of objects in a flat format returning a new object with the options applied. If the options are to be set directly on the object a simple format may be used, e.g.:

obj.options(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

If the object is nested the options must be qualified using a type[.group][.label] specification, e.g.:

obj.options(‘Image’, cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)

or using:

obj.options({‘Image’: dict(cmap=’viridis’, show_title=False)})

Identical to the .opts method but returns a clone of the object by default.

Args:
*args: Sets of options to apply to object

Supports a number of formats including lists of Options objects, a type[.group][.label] followed by a set of keyword options to apply and a dictionary indexed by type[.group][.label] specs.

backend (optional): Backend to apply options to

Defaults to current selected backend

clone (bool, optional): Whether to clone object

Options can be applied inplace with clone=False

**kwargs: Keywords of options

Set of options to apply to the object

Returns:

Returns the cloned object with the options applied

persist()[source]#

Persists the results of a lazy data interface to memory to speed up data manipulation and visualization. If the particular data backend already holds the data in memory this is a no-op. Unlike the compute method this maintains the same data type.

Returns:

Dataset with the data persisted to memory

property pipeline#

Chain operation that evaluates the sequence of operations that was used to create this object, starting with the Dataset stored in dataset property

range(dim, data_range=True, dimension_range=True)[source]#

Return the lower and upper bounds of values along dimension.

Range of the y-dimension includes the symmetric or asymmetric error.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to compute the range on. data_range (bool): Compute range from data values dimension_range (bool): Include Dimension ranges

Whether to include Dimension range and soft_range in range calculation

Returns:

Tuple containing the lower and upper bound

reduce(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **reductions)[source]#

Applies reduction along the specified dimension(s).

Allows reducing the values along one or more key dimension with the supplied function. Supports two signatures:

Reducing with a list of dimensions, e.g.:

ds.reduce([‘x’], np.mean)

Defining a reduction using keywords, e.g.:

ds.reduce(x=np.mean)

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to apply reduction on

Defaults to all key dimensions

function: Reduction operation to apply, e.g. numpy.mean spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**reductions: Keyword argument defining reduction

Allows reduction to be defined as keyword pair of dimension and function

Returns:

The Dataset after reductions have been applied.

reindex(kdims=None, vdims=None)[source]#

Reindexes Dataset dropping static or supplied kdims

Creates a new object with a reordered or reduced set of key dimensions. By default drops all non-varying key dimensions.x

Args:

kdims (optional): New list of key dimensionsx vdims (optional): New list of value dimensions

Returns:

Reindexed object

relabel(label=None, group=None, depth=0)[source]#

Clone object and apply new group and/or label.

Applies relabeling to children up to the supplied depth.

Args:

label (str, optional): New label to apply to returned object group (str, optional): New group to apply to returned object depth (int, optional): Depth to which relabel will be applied

If applied to container allows applying relabeling to contained objects up to the specified depth

Returns:

Returns relabelled object

sample(samples=None, bounds=None, closest=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Samples values at supplied coordinates.

Allows sampling of element with a list of coordinates matching the key dimensions, returning a new object containing just the selected samples. Supports multiple signatures:

Sampling with a list of coordinates, e.g.:

ds.sample([(0, 0), (0.1, 0.2), …])

Sampling a range or grid of coordinates, e.g.:

1D: ds.sample(3) 2D: ds.sample((3, 3))

Sampling by keyword, e.g.:

ds.sample(x=0)

Args:

samples: List of nd-coordinates to sample bounds: Bounds of the region to sample

Defined as two-tuple for 1D sampling and four-tuple for 2D sampling.

closest: Whether to snap to closest coordinates **kwargs: Coordinates specified as keyword pairs

Keywords of dimensions and scalar coordinates

Returns:

Element containing the sampled coordinates

select(selection_expr=None, selection_specs=None, **selection)[source]#

Applies selection by dimension name

Applies a selection along the dimensions of the object using keyword arguments. The selection may be narrowed to certain objects using selection_specs. For container objects the selection will be applied to all children as well.

Selections may select a specific value, slice or set of values:

  • value: Scalar values will select rows along with an exact

    match, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=3)

  • slice: Slices may be declared as tuples of the upper and

    lower bound, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=(0, 3))

  • values: A list of values may be selected using a list or

    set, e.g.:

    ds.select(x=[0, 1, 2])

  • predicate expression: A holoviews.dim expression, e.g.:

    from holoviews import dim ds.select(selection_expr=dim(‘x’) % 2 == 0)

Args:
selection_expr: holoviews.dim predicate expression

specifying selection.

selection_specs: List of specs to match on

A list of types, functions, or type[.group][.label] strings specifying which objects to apply the selection on.

**selection: Dictionary declaring selections by dimension

Selections can be scalar values, tuple ranges, lists of discrete values and boolean arrays

Returns:

Returns an Dimensioned object containing the selected data or a scalar if a single value was selected

property shape#

Returns the shape of the data.

sort(by=None, reverse=False)[source]#

Sorts the data by the values along the supplied dimensions.

Args:

by: Dimension(s) to sort by reverse (bool, optional): Reverse sort order

Returns:

Sorted Dataset

property to#

Returns the conversion interface with methods to convert Dataset

transform(*args, **kwargs)[source]#

Transforms the Dataset according to a dimension transform.

Transforms may be supplied as tuples consisting of the dimension(s) and the dim transform to apply or keyword arguments mapping from dimension(s) to dim transforms. If the arg or kwarg declares multiple dimensions the dim transform should return a tuple of values for each.

A transform may override an existing dimension or add a new one in which case it will be added as an additional value dimension.

Args:
args: Specify the output arguments and transforms as a

tuple of dimension specs and dim transforms

drop (bool): Whether to drop all variables not part of the transform keep_index (bool): Whether to keep indexes

Whether to apply transform on datastructure with index, e.g. pandas.Series or xarray.DataArray, (important for dask datastructures where index may be required to align datasets).

kwargs: Specify new dimensions in the form new_dim=dim_transform

Returns:

Transformed dataset with new dimensions

traverse(fn=None, specs=None, full_breadth=True)[source]#

Traverses object returning matching items Traverses the set of children of the object, collecting the all objects matching the defined specs. Each object can be processed with the supplied function. Args:

fn (function, optional): Function applied to matched objects specs: List of specs to match

Specs must be types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

full_breadth: Whether to traverse all objects

Whether to traverse the full set of objects on each container or only the first.

Returns:

list: List of objects that matched

class holoviews.element.Graph(data=None, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: Dataset, Element2D

Graph is high-level Element representing both nodes and edges. A Graph may be defined in an abstract form representing just the abstract edges between nodes and optionally may be made concrete by supplying a Nodes Element defining the concrete positions of each node. If the node positions are supplied the EdgePaths (defining the concrete edges) can be inferred automatically or supplied explicitly.

The constructor accepts regular columnar data defining the edges or a tuple of the abstract edges and nodes, or a tuple of the abstract edges, nodes, and edgepaths.

Parameter Definitions


Parameters inherited from:

group = String(constant=True, default='Graph', label='Group')

A string describing the data wrapped by the object.

kdims = List(bounds=(2, 2), default=[Dimension('start'), Dimension('end')], label='Kdims')

The key dimensions defined as list of dimensions that may be used in indexing (and potential slicing) semantics. The order of the dimensions listed here determines the semantics of each component of a multi-dimensional indexing operation. Aliased with key_dimensions.

add_dimension(dimension, dim_pos, dim_val, vdim=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Adds a dimension and its values to the Dataset

Requires the dimension name or object, the desired position in the key dimensions and a key value scalar or array of values, matching the length or shape of the Dataset.

Args:

dimension: Dimension or dimension spec to add dim_pos (int): Integer index to insert dimension at dim_val (scalar or ndarray): Dimension value(s) to add vdim: Disabled, this type does not have value dimensions **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the cloned element

Returns:

Cloned object containing the new dimension

aggregate(dimensions=None, function=None, spreadfn=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Aggregates data on the supplied dimensions.

Aggregates over the supplied key dimensions with the defined function or dim_transform specified as a tuple of the transformed dimension name and dim transform.

Args:
dimensions: Dimension(s) to aggregate on

Default to all key dimensions

function: Aggregation function or transform to apply

Supports both simple functions and dimension transforms

spreadfn: Secondary reduction to compute value spread

Useful for computing a confidence interval, spread, or standard deviation.

**kwargs: Keyword arguments either passed to the aggregation function

or to create new names for the transformed variables

Returns:

Returns the aggregated Dataset

array(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to columnar array.

Args:

dimensions: List of dimensions to return

Returns:

Array of columns corresponding to each dimension

clone(data=None, shared_data=True, new_type=None, link=True, *args, **overrides)[source]#

Clones the object, overriding data and parameters.

Args:

data: New data replacing the existing data shared_data (bool, optional): Whether to use existing data new_type (optional): Type to cast object to link (bool, optional): Whether clone should be linked

Determines whether Streams and Links attached to original object will be inherited.

*args: Additional arguments to pass to constructor **overrides: New keyword arguments to pass to constructor

Returns:

Cloned object

closest(coords=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Snaps coordinate(s) to closest coordinate in Dataset

Args:

coords: List of coordinates expressed as tuples **kwargs: Coordinates defined as keyword pairs

Returns:

List of tuples of the snapped coordinates

Raises:

NotImplementedError: Raised if snapping is not supported

columns(dimensions=None)[source]#

Convert dimension values to a dictionary.

Returns a dictionary of column arrays along each dimension of the element.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns

Returns:

Dictionary of arrays for each dimension

compute()[source]#

Computes the data to a data format that stores the daata in memory, e.g. a Dask dataframe or array is converted to a Pandas DataFrame or NumPy array.

Returns:

Dataset with the data stored in in-memory format

property dataset#

The Dataset that this object was created from

property ddims#

The list of deep dimensions

dframe(dimensions=None, multi_index=False)[source]#

Convert dimension values to DataFrame.

Returns a pandas dataframe of columns along each dimension, either completely flat or indexed by key dimensions.

Args:

dimensions: Dimensions to return as columns multi_index: Convert key dimensions to (multi-)index

Returns:

DataFrame of columns corresponding to each dimension

dimension_values(dimension, expanded=True, flat=True)[source]#

Return the values along the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: The dimension to return values for expanded (bool, optional): Whether to expand values

Whether to return the expanded values, behavior depends on the type of data:

  • Columnar: If false returns unique values

  • Geometry: If false returns scalar values per geometry

  • Gridded: If false returns 1D coordinates

flat (bool, optional): Whether to flatten array

Returns:

NumPy array of values along the requested dimension

dimensions(selection='all', label=False)[source]#

Lists the available dimensions on the object

Provides convenient access to Dimensions on nested Dimensioned objects. Dimensions can be selected by their type, i.e. ‘key’ or ‘value’ dimensions. By default ‘all’ dimensions are returned.

Args:
selection: Type of dimensions to return

The type of dimension, i.e. one of ‘key’, ‘value’, ‘constant’ or ‘all’.

label: Whether to return the name, label or Dimension

Whether to return the Dimension objects (False), the Dimension names (True/’name’) or labels (‘label’).

Returns:

List of Dimension objects or their names or labels

edge_type[source]#

alias of EdgePaths

property edgepaths#

Returns the fixed EdgePaths or computes direct connections between supplied nodes.

classmethod from_networkx(G, positions, nodes=None, **kwargs)[source]#

Generate a HoloViews Graph from a networkx.Graph object and networkx layout function or dictionary of node positions. Any keyword arguments will be passed to the layout function. By default it will extract all node and edge attributes from the networkx.Graph but explicit node information may also be supplied. Any non-scalar attributes, such as lists or dictionaries will be ignored.

Args:

G (networkx.Graph): Graph to convert to Graph element positions (dict or callable): Node positions

Node positions defined as a dictionary mapping from node id to (x, y) tuple or networkx layout function which computes a positions dictionary

kwargs (dict): Keyword arguments for layout function

Returns:

Graph element

get_dimension(dimension, default=None, strict=False) Dimension | None[source]#

Get a Dimension object by name or index.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or integer index default (optional): Value returned if Dimension not found strict (bool, optional): Raise a KeyError if not found

Returns:

Dimension object for the requested dimension or default

get_dimension_index(dimension)[source]#

Get the index of the requested dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Integer index of the requested dimension

get_dimension_type(dim)[source]#

Get the type of the requested dimension.

Type is determined by Dimension.type attribute or common type of the dimension values, otherwise None.

Args:

dimension: Dimension to look up by name or by index

Returns:

Declared type of values along the dimension

groupby(dimensions=None, container_type=<class 'holoviews.core.spaces.HoloMap'>, group_type=None, dynamic=False, **kwargs)[source]#

Groups object by one or more dimensions

Applies groupby operation over the specified dimensions returning an object of type container_type (expected to be dictionary-like) containing the groups.

Args:

dimensions: Dimension(s) to group by container_type: Type to cast group container to group_type: Type to cast each group to dynamic: Whether to return a DynamicMap **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to each group

Returns:

Returns object of supplied container_type containing the groups. If dynamic=True returns a DynamicMap instead.

hist(dimension=None, num_bins=20, bin_range=None, adjoin=True, **kwargs)[source]#

Computes and adjoins histogram along specified dimension(s).

Defaults to first value dimension if present otherwise falls back to first key dimension.

Args:

dimension: Dimension(s) to compute histogram on num_bins (int, optional): Number of bins bin_range (tuple optional): Lower and upper bounds of bins adjoin (bool, optional): Whether to adjoin histogram

Returns:

AdjointLayout of element and histogram or just the histogram

property iloc#

Returns iloc indexer with support for columnar indexing.

Returns an iloc object providing a convenient interface to slice and index into the Dataset using row and column indices. Allow selection by integer index, slice and list of integer indices and boolean arrays.

Examples:

  • Index the first row and column:

    dataset.iloc[0, 0]

  • Select rows 1 and 2 with a slice:

    dataset.iloc[1:3, :]

  • Select with a list of integer coordinates:

    dataset.iloc[[0, 2, 3]]

map(map_fn, specs=None, clone=True)[source]#

Map a function to all objects matching the specs

Recursively replaces elements using a map function when the specs apply, by default applies to all objects, e.g. to apply the function to all contained Curve objects:

dmap.map(fn, hv.Curve)

Args:

map_fn: Function to apply to each object specs: List of specs to match

List of types, functions or type[.group][.label] specs to select objects to return, by default applies to all objects.

clone: Whether to clone the object or transform inplace

Returns:

Returns the object after the map_fn has been applied

matches(spec)[source]#

Whether the spec applies to this object.

Args:
spec: A function, spec or type to check for a match
  • A ‘type[[.group].label]’ string which is compared against the type, group and label of this object

  • A function which is given the object and returns a boolean.

  • An object type matched using isinstance.

Returns:

bool: Whether the spec matched this object.

property ndloc#

Returns ndloc indexer with support for gridded indexing.

Returns an ndloc object providing nd-array like indexing for gridded datasets. Follows NumPy array indexing conventions, allowing for indexing, slicing and selecting a list of indices on multi-dimensional arrays using integer indices. The order of array indices is inverted relative to the Dataset key dimensions, e.g. an Image with key dimensions ‘x’ and ‘y’ can be indexed with